Watch Great Epochs Of European Art: Art Of The 19Th Century & The 20Th Century Full Movies Online10/30/2016
Check Out the 20 Largest Cities in India Large Cities in India: Refer to this list to learn which of India's cities are its largest. Learn about the twenty largest cities in India from Geography at About.com. 91 INTELLECTUAL TRENDS OF THE 19 TH AND 20 TH CENTURIES 6 INTELLECTUAL TRENDS OF THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURIES You read in the previous chapter about the major streams of human thought in the early modern world. In modern mosaic practice, the main tendency is to build on the unique and inimitable qualities of the medium. Although not a few of the works created in the 20th century reveal the influence of painting, figurative or. Culture of Romania - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The culture of Romania is a unique culture, which is the product of its geography and its distinct historical evolution. Romanians, (Proto- Romanians, including Aromanians, Megleno- Romanians, and Istro- Romanians) are the descendants of Roman colonists and people indigenous to the Balkans who were Romanized. The Dacian people, one of the major indigenous peoples of the Balkans are one of the predecessors of the Proto- Romanians. It is believed that a mixture of Romans, Dacians, Illyrians, Greeks and Thracians are the predecessors of the Albanians, Greeks, Romanians, Aromanians (Vlachs), Megleno- Romanians, and Istro- Romanians. Romanian culture shares some similarities as well with other ancient cultures even outside of the Balkans, such as that of the Armenians. Modern Romanian culture emerged and developed with many other influences as well, partially that of Central and Western Europe. Romania's history has been full of rebounds: the culturally productive epochs were those of stability, when the people proved quite an impressive resourcefulness in making up for less propitious periods and were able to rejoin the mainstream of European culture. This stands true for the years after the Phanariote- Ottoman period, at the beginning of the 1. Romanians had a favourable historical context and Romania started to become westernized, mainly with French influences, which they pursued steadily and at a very fast pace. From the end of the 1. Paris, and French became (and was until the communist years) a genuine second language of culture for Romanians. The modeling role of France especially in the fields of political ideas, administration and law, as well as in literature was paralleled, from the mid- 1. World War I, by German culture as well, which also triggered constant relationships with the German world not only at a cultural level but in daily life as well. With the arrival of Soviet Communism in the area, Romania quickly adopted many Slavic influences, and Russian was also a widely taught in the country during Romania's . The medieval principalities Wallachia and Moldavia arose around that time in the area on the southern and eastern sides of the Carpathian Mountains. Wallachia and Moldavia were both situated on important commercial routes often crossed by Polish, Saxon, Greek, Armenian, Genovese and Venetian merchants, connecting them well to the evolving culture of medieval Europe. Grigore Ureche's chronicle, Letopise. It is among the first non- religious Romanian literary texts; due to its size and the information that it contains it is, probably, the most important Romanian document from the 1. The first printed book, a prayer book in Slavonic, was produced in Wallachia in 1. Romanian, a catechism, was printed in Transylvania, in 1. At the end of the 1. European humanism influenced the works of Miron Costin and Ion Neculce, the Moldavianchroniclers who continued Ureche's work. The first successful attempts at written Romanian- language poetry were made in 1. Dosoftei, a Moldavian metropolitan in Ia. His interests included philosophy, history, music, linguistics, ethnography and geography, and the most important works containing information about the Romanian regions were Descriptio Moldaviae published in 1. Hronicul vechimii a romano- moldo- valahilor (roughly, Chronicle of the durability of Romans- Moldavians- Wallachians), the first critical history of Romania. His works were also known in western Europe, as he authored writings in Latin: Descriptio Moldaviae (commissioned by the Academy of Berlin, the member of which he became in 1. Incrementa atque decrementa aulae othomanicae, which was printed in English in 1. French (1. 74. 3) and German (1. European science and culture until the 1. Classical age. At the end of the 1. Transylvanian School (. It also accepted the leadership of the pope over the Romanian church of Transylvania, thus forming the Romanian Greek- Catholic Church. In 1. 79. 1, they issued a petition to Emperor Leopold II of Austria, named Supplex Libellus Valachorum based on the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, demanding equal political rights with the other ethnicities for the Romanians in Transylvania. This movement, however leaned more towards westernization in general, when in fact the origin of the Romanian people is not only from the peoples of the former Roman Empire, but also from the ancient Dacians, predating the arrival of the Romans, not to mention that from around the 1. Romanian culture was heavily influenced by Eastern influences as emphasized through the Ottomans, and the Phanariotes. The end of the 1. Wallachia and Moldavia by the reigns of Phanariote Princes; thus the two principalities were heavily influenced by the Greek world. Greek schools appeared in the principalities and in 1. Romanian School was founded in Bucharest by Gheorghe Laz. Anton Pann was a successful novelist, Ien. In 1. 82. 1 an uprising in Wallachia (a region of Romania) took place against Ottoman rule. This uprising was led by the Romanian revolutionary and militia leader Tudor Vladimirescu. The revolutionary year 1. Romanian principalities and in Transylvania, and a new elite from the middle of the 1. Mihail Kog. Universities were opened in Ia. The new prince from 1. King of Romania, Carol I was a devoted king, and he and his wife Elisabeth were among the main patrons of arts. Of great impact in Romanian literature was the literary circle Junimea, founded by a group of people around the literary critic Titu Maiorescu in 1. It published its cultural journal Convorbiri Literare where, among others, Mihai Eminescu, Romania's greatest poet, Ion Creang. During the same period, Nicolae Grigorescu and . It helped publish a great number of Romanian language books and newspapers, and between 1. Romanian Encyclopedia. Among the greatest personalities from this period are: the novelist and publicist Ioan Slavici, the prose writer Panait Istrati, the poet and writer Barbu . The most important artist who had a great influence on the world culture was the sculptor. Constantin Br. The playwright, expressionist poet and philosopher Lucian Blaga can be cited as a member of the traditionalist group and the literary critic founder of the literary circle and cultural journal Sbur. In dramaturgy, Mihail Sebastian was an influential writer and as the number of theaters grew also did the number of actors, Lucia Sturdza Bulandra being an actress representative of this period. Alongside the prominent poet George Top. One should not neglect the poems of George Bacovia a symbolist poet of neurosis and despair and those of Ion Barbu a brilliant mathematician who wrote a series of very successful cryptic poems. Tristan Tzara and Marcel Janco, founders of the Dadaist movement, were also of Romanian origin. Also during the golden age came the epoch of Romanian philosophy with such figures as Mircea Vulc. The period was dominated by the overwhelming personality of the historian and politician Nicolae Iorga who, during his lifetime published over 1,2. In music, the composers George Enescu and Constantin Dimitrescu and the pianist Dinu Lipatti became world famous. The number of important Romanian painters also grew, and the most significant ones were: Nicolae Tonitza, Camil Ressu, Francisc . In medicine a great contribution to human society was the discovery of insulin by the Romanian scientist Nicolae Paulescu. Gheorghe Marinescu was an important neurologist and Victor Babe. In mathematics Gheorghe . The freedom of expression was constantly restricted in various ways: the Sovietization period was an attempt at building up a new cultural identity on the basis of socialist realism and lending legitimacy to the new order by rejecting traditional values. Two currents appeared: one that glorified the regime and another that tried to avoid censorship. The first is probably of no lasting cultural value, but the second managed to create valuable works, successfully avoiding censorship and being very well received by the general public. From this period the most outstanding personalities are those of: the writer Marin Preda, the poets Nichita St. Most dissidents who chose not to emigrate lived a life closely watched by the regime, either in . Most of their work was published after the 1. Revolution. Among the most notable examples are the philosophers Constantin Noica, Petre . On the one hand, against the authorities intentions, the outstanding works were perceived as a realm of moral truths and the significant representatives of genuine cultural achievement were held in very high esteem by the public opinion. On the other hand, the slogans disseminated nationwide through the forms of official culture helped spread simplistic views, which were relatively successful among some ranks of the population. The tension between these two directions can still be perceived at the level of society as a whole. A strong editorial activity took place during the Communist regime. With the purpose of educating the large masses of peoples, a huge number of books were published. Large- scale editing houses such as Cartea Rom. Generally, a book was never published in an edition of less than 5. Libraries appeared in every village and almost all were kept up to date with the newest books published. Also, due to low prices, almost everyone could afford to have their own collection of books at home. The negative part was that all the books were heavily censored. Also, due to rationing in every aspect of life, the quality of the printing and the paper also was very low, and the books therefore degraded easily. During this period, there was a significant increase in the number of theatres, as they appeared even in the smallest towns. Many new establishments were built and in the big cities they became important landmarks, such as the building of the National Theatre of Bucharest, situated right in the middle of the city, immediately adjacent to Romania's kilometre zero.
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